Answer
Instrument | Focus Area | Statutory Enforcement & Primary Mandate |
|---|---|---|
MARPOL 73/78 | Operational & Accidental Pollution | Annex I: Oil pollution control (ODME, OWS $15\text{ ppm}$, IOPP). Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (NLS / P&A Manual). Annex III: Harmful Substances in Packaged Form (IMDG Code). Annex IV: Sewage discharge limits (STP, comminuter, holding tank). Annex V: Garbage management (Plastics ban, Garbage Record Book). Annex VI: Air pollution, SEEMP, EEDI/EEXI, CII, NOx Tier I-III, SOx $0.50\% / 0.10\%$ ECA cap. |
BWM Convention | Invasive Aquatic Species | Reg. D-1: Ballast Water Exchange. Reg. D-2: Ballast Water Performance Standard (BWMS treatment / viable organism limits). |
AFS Convention | Harmful Anti-fouling Systems | Global prohibition of organotin compounds acting as biocides (TBT) and Cybutryne in hull anti-fouling paints. |
Hong Kong Convention (HKC) | Safe Ship Recycling | Enforced globally (entered into force June 2025); mandates Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM) and recycling at certified facilities. |
CLC & Fund / Bunkers | Financial Liability for Pollution | CLC 1992 / Fund 92: Strict owner liability and compulsory insurance for crude oil spills. Bunkers Convention 2001: Civil liability insurance for non-tanker fuel oil spills. |